Evaluation of health risk and heavy metal pollution status in the Bhima River water Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India

The current investigation aimed to examine the present status of pollution in Bhima River using indices (degree contamination, heavy metal evaluation index, & index) and health risk assessment (non-carcinogenic carcinogenic) by choosing some metals like copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn). Eight samples surface water were collected monthly from October 2021 September 2022 analyzed an atomic absorption spectrometer. absorptions into sequence Mn > Zn Cu Pb Ni Cr Cd have been observed. Pb, Cd, concentrations considerably higher near sewage runoff along bridges. calculated indicate that five eight sampling sites are extremely polluted. Carcinogenic Non-carcinogenic dangers tabulated for adults, children, infants according quantity content average daily consumption water. For as well infants, estimated non-carcinogenic standards 3, 5, 2, respectively. computed carcinogenic levels exceed 10-6-10-4 acceptable limit. Indices values suggest river is not ingestion all age groups. Additionally, principal component analysis cluster disclosed agricultural runoff, battery usage, sludge, bridge construction foremost sources quality degradation study zone. development a public drinking supply advised this research lessen negative impacts poisoning upon human health. Before making available use public, it needs also be treated.